There are two critical components that dictate the performance of all network traffic
latency - The time it takes from the source to send a packet to the destination receiving it
Components of a typical router on the internet that contribute to latency
Propagation delay - Amount of time required for a message to travel from source to destination, which a function of distance over speed with which the signal propagates.
Transmission delay - Amount of time required to push all the packet’s bits onto the link, which is a function of the packet’s length and the bandwidth of the link.
Processing delay - Amount of time required to process the packet header, check for bit-level errors, and determine the packet’s destination.
Queuing delay - Amount of time the incoming packet is waiting in the queue until it can be processed.
The total latency between client and server is the sum of all delays just listed
bandwidth - The maximum throughput of a logical or physical communication path